The oil sands reserves in the Urho area of Xinjiang are relatively abundant. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze its composition and structure so as to provide references for the selection of industrial processing schemes for oil sand separation. In this paper, the composition and structure of oil sands are determined by means of instrumental analysis. The experimental results show that the oil content of oil sands is 6%~16%, the solid content is 82%~92% and the water content is between 0.5%~2.0%. The sum of the contents of carbon and hydrogen in the extracted bitumen oil is 91%, the sulfur content is low, and the oxygen content is relatively high, which is 7%. The mass fractions of saturated fraction, aromatic content, colloid content, asphaltene content are 40%,21%,27% and 12%, respectively. The solid phase of oil sand is mainly composed of clay and sand. The main compositions are SiO ₂ and Al ₂O ₃, and the average diameter of oil sand is 204 μm.